An Integrated Lesson Plan
Azra Ahmed, Pakistan
Azra Ahmed is a Senior Instructor at the Aga Khan University Centre of English Language. She holds a Masters in TEFL from Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. She has done COTE (RSA) from Cambridge University. She has a Diploma in Tourism Management from Schloss Klessheim, Salzburg, Austria; she has certifications for ‘Online Education and Training’ from the Institute of Education, University of London, and ‘ICT in the Classroom’ from E-Consultants/Trinity College, UK. Her areas of interest include materials development, online English language teaching /learning, and ESP.
Email: azra.ahmed@aku.edu; azraa@cyber.net.pk
"I am a savage" – Chief Seattle
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Description
Skills
Target Vocabulary
Objectives
Materials
Step 1: Warm-up
Step 2: Presentation
Step 3: Skimming
Step 4: Scanning
Step 5: Transfer of information
Step 6: Inference
Activity 7: Vocabulary
Activity 8: Group Discussion
Follow up activity: Group/Class
References 1
Materials and worksheets
Answer Key
References 2
This lesson plan is designed for EFL instructors who teach intermediate to Upper Intermediate language learners. It is based on not a very contemporary essay. The lesson plan includes various tasks and activities designed to assist the instructor in developing their students’ English language learning skills. More specifically, the activities have been designed to develop the students’ reading, speaking and thinking skills. The tasks should be done individually, in pairs and in groups.
The instructors can choose the parts of the lesson that they find most appropriate and useful for their class. This lesson is divided into eight activities, which could span over two class sessions. Approximate times for each part of the lesson are included, but these times may vary, depending on the individual class or teaching situation.
Reading, speaking, transfer of information
precious, contaminate, destiny, suffocate, sacred, contempt
By the end of the lesson students should be able to:
- skim the text to understand the basic concept
- scan for specific information
- transfer information given in the text
- infer and give opinions
- use information to make deductions
- relate reading text to real life experiences and context.
- Picture of ‘the savage’
- Song about environment or a national song [Depending on the teaching/learning situation] – recommended song "Colors of the Wind" by Vanessa Williams sung for Pocahontas
- Worksheets
- Colour pencils
- Blue tac/scotch tape/sticking tape
- Cassette/CD player
(Pre-reading, 7-8 minutes)
- Play the song – about 3 minutes. Ask students: Do you recognize the song? What it is about? Did you like the song? Why?
- Then show the students the picture of ‘the Savage’. Ask students: Who do you think this is? [Expected answers could be: old woman, old man, grandfather, etc, etc. Finally, tell the students that it is a man!] Then, ask: Does this man look dangerous? [Expected answer: No]
- Ask students what they think the passage they are going to read is about. The most likely responses you might get are : About a man, about the environment, a national hero, etc
(Reading, 10 minutes)
- Ask the students to read the Prologue.
- Elicit from them what they think the text is going to be about. In the process discuss who the ‘great white chief’ could be, what ‘profound’ means, what a ‘reservation’ is/was.
(While reading, 5 minutes)
- Ask students: What in your opinion is the main idea of the text?
(While reading, 10 minutes)
- Now ask students to read the text again and respond to question 1.
- Next ask students to do questions 2 and 3 in pairs.
(45 minutes)
- Question 4 requires students to transfer information. Most times students will hesitate and even resist doing Question 4 because of the sketching involved. You’ll have to persuade them, you will probably have to persist! Once students begin doing the task – the results are stunning – even for the students themselves.
- Note. Students will ordinarily not restrict their illustrations/sketches to the information in the lines identified because inevitably the entire reading passage impacts their understanding of the text, which I think is a positive result of the first reading.
- Give a time limit to complete the works of art. In most situations, once students get started, they take at least 10-15 minutes to complete the transfer activity.
- Keep blank sheets handy, as some "artists" may want to sketch n a full sheet as opposed to drawing on the handout. Distribute colour pencils or crayons, at least two for each student. Depending on the resources available, you could keep two or three boxes of crayons accessible to all students. In my experience, the most used colours are blue, red, green and brown.
- Students will ask you to explain the meanings of the vocabulary they need to transfer the information, e.g. meadows, unfurling, smoking iron horse, whippoorwill, pinion, etc.
- As the masterpieces are presented to you, display them on the White Board/Blackboard. Use Blue Tac or Sticking tape [place it behind the drawing].
- Once everyone has completed their drawings students visit the ‘art gallery’ made up of their own creations!
- Students are asked to comment on the themes that emerge from the illustrations in the gallery.
- List the themes on a flip chart, or leave some space on one side of the board for the list. Ask students to identify the words, phrases, or images in the text that helped them create their masterpieces.
- This exercise of illustrating/sketching, colouring, visiting the ‘art gallery’, commenting on each others drawing takes at least half an hour.
- The entire process in this activity ensures the students are quite familiar with the text and the vocabulary.
(While reading, 10 minutes)
- For question 5, while students are drawing, stick a sheet of paper on a side wall.
| Themes |
| Paragraph IV |
Paragraph V |
Paragraph VI |
Paragraph VII |
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- Students get up and write their answers in bullet form on the sheet. Once everyone has completed the task, the teacher highlights the main themes for each paragraph, and reads them out.
- If there is more than one theme for the given paragraphs, students are asked to develop a consensus and come up with one for each paragraph.
- For question 6, students are given 2 minutes to locate the quotes. Teacher elicits answers from volunteers at the end of the time limit.
(While reading, 5 minutes)
- At this stage students will find inferring meaning from context (question 7) quite simple. Elicit the answers from the class.
(Production stage, 15 minutes)
For question 8, students discuss the concept of ‘contaminate your bed’ with reference to the text in groups.
- If the group is made up of international students, they may have completely different experiences which they would like to share with each other.
- Ask students to come up with two lists: global and local /country specific implications of the issue at hand. Each group chooses a group leader to share with the class how human beings have contaminated the earth.
- Open discussion for recommendations regarding how we can look after our environment at the global and local / country level.
- Students design either a class poster presentation or group poster presentations portraying the recommendations made by the specific group or the class, respectively.
- This poster / These posters should be displayed on the school / institution / class notice board for students to share their views, and exhibit their critical thinking skills.
- Students are encouraged to use a variety of media, that is, text, images, cut-outs, etc.
If you are involved in teacher training you could begin the session with ‘Facts About Reading’. After completing the worksheet it would be useful to share an OHT highlighting the relationship between the activities the participants did with the sub skills required for efficient reading. You could end the session with ‘How Do I Read?’.
These three handouts lend themselves to getting the participants to engage in thinking about what reading as a skill in terms of language learning entails, and in reflecting on the approach they themselves take while reading.
This version of the text has been taken from a Public Service Advertisement released by John & Phillips (Private) Ltd in Pakistan.
| Facts about Reading |
True |
False |
- It is necessary to read every word to get the meaning of a passage.
- It is all right to use a card or your finger as a guide when you read.
- A good reader reads all the material at the same speed.
- Seeing the connections among the paragraphs and the purpose of each paragraph group is a good reading habit.
- Important grammatical and punctuation clues can change the meaning of a sentence.
- Knowing the part of speech of a word will help you understand it when reading, even if you do not know the precise meaning of the word.
- A good way to expand your vocabulary is to look up all the new words in the dictionary, find the translations for them in your first language, and write the definitions above the words.
- An advanced reader should be able to read at least 300 words per minute.
- Reading is a passive process.
- When a difficult sentence appears in a reading passage, it is good to try and understand what makes the sentence difficult.
- Unless one has knowledge about or is able to infer an author’s beliefs, it is possible to understand all the sentences in a passage and yet not comprehend a writer’s ideas.
- Knowing the definitions of all the words in a passage will guarantee full understanding of what you read.
- Slow readers comprehend better than fast ones.
- Good readers are very good at concentrating on their work.
- It is a good idea to look over the material and ask yourself questions before you begin to read.
- It is not necessary to know the meaning of every word in a reading selection in order to read and comprehend the selection.
- Good readers read each paragraph as if it were standing all by itself, separated from all the other paragraphs in a selection.
- It is good to read the first and last paragraphs of a selection, then the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs to get an overview of your reading selection before reading the entire text.
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Adapted from a questionnaire used by Ms Lisa Washburn (USIS Pakistan, 1995) for a session on Reading organized by Society of Pakistan English Language Teachers (SPELT)
Colors of the Wind by Vanessa Williams
[for Pocahontas]
You think I'm an ignorant savage
And you've been so many places
I guess it must be so
But still I cannot see
If the savage one is me
Now can there be so much that you don't know?
You don't know ...
You think you own whatever land you land on
The Earth is just a dead thing you can claim
But I know every rock and tree and creature
Has a life, has a spirit, has a name
You think the only people who are people
Are the people who look and think like you
But if you walk the footsteps of a stranger
You'll learn things you never knew you never knew
Have you ever heard the wolf cry to the blue corn moon
Or asked the grinning bobcat why he grinned?
Can you sing with all the voices of the mountains?
Can you paint with all the colors of the wind?
Can you paint with all the colors of the wind?
Come run the hidden pine trails of the forest
Come taste the sunsweet berries of the Earth
Come roll in all the riches all around you
And for once, never wonder what they're worth
The rainstorm and the river are my brothers
The heron and the otter are my friends
And we are all connected to each other
In a circle, in a hoop that never ends
How high will the sycamore grow?
If you cut it down, then you'll never know
And you'll never hear the wolf cry to the blue corn moon
For whether we are white or copper skinned
We need to sing with all the voices of the mountains
We need to paint with all the colors of the wind
You can own the Earth and still
All you'll own is Earth until
You can paint with all the colors of the wind
Lyrics taken from: www.lyricsdownload.com/disney-colors-of-the-wind-lyrics.html
The only known photograph of Chief Seattle was taken in the 1860s as he neared his 80th year.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Seattle's%20Reply
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In 1834, the great white chief in Washington made an offer for a large area of Indian land and promised a Reservation for the Indian people. Chief Seattle’s reply has been described as the most beautiful and profound statements on the environment. |
|
| I |
How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air, and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? |
1 |
| II |
Every part of the earth is sacred to my people. Every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every humming insect, is holy in the memory and the experience of my people. The perfumed flowers are our sisters, the deer, the horse, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadows, the body heat of the pony, the man – all belong to the same family. I am a savage and I do not understand any other way. |
5 |
| III |
Our ways are different from your ways. The sight of your cities pains the eyes of the red man. There is no quiet place in the white man’s cities. No place to hear the unfurling of leaves in the spring, or the rustle, of an insect’s wings. The clatter only seems to insult the ears. But perhaps it’s because I am a savage and I do not understand. |
10 |
| IV |
I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the prairie, left by the white man who shot them from a passing train. I am a savage and I do not understand how the smoking iron horse can be more important than the buffalo that we kill only to stay alive. What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of spirit. For whatever happens to the beasts soon happens to man. I am a savage and I do not understand any other way. |
15 |
| V |
And what is there to life if a man cannot hear the lonely cry of the whippoorwill or the arguments of the frogs around a pond at night; or the soft sound of the wind darting over the face of a pond, and smell of the wind itself, cleaned by the midday rain, or scented with the pinion pine. I am a red man and do not understand. |
20 |
| VI |
This shining water that moves in the rivers and streams is not just water but the blood of our ancestors. Every ghostly reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people. The water’s murmur is the voice of my father’s father. The air is precious to the red man, for all things share the same breath – the beast, the tree, the man; they all share the same breath. The air is precious to us; the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his last sigh. |
25 |
| VII |
You must teach your children that ground beneath their feet is the ash of our grandfathers so that they will respect the land. Tell your children that the earth is rich with the life of our kin. Teach your children what we taught our children, that the earth is our mother. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. If men spit on the ground, they spit upon themselves. |
30 |
| VIII |
So when the Great Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy land, he asks much of us… for this land is sacred to us. |
35 |
| IX |
This we know: The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. This we know: All things are connected like blood that unites one family. Even the white man cannot be exempted from the common destiny. We may be brothers after all. We shall see. |
40 |
| X |
One thing we know, which the white man may one day discover – our God is the same God. You may think now that you own Him as you wish to own our land, but you cannot, because He is the God of man, and His Compassion is equal for the red man and the white. The earth is precious to Him, and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on it Creator. Contaminate your bed, and you will one night suffocate in your waste. I am a savage and do not understand any other way. |
45 |
- How many times does I am a savage, and I do not understand, recur in the text? Why do you think the author repeats this phrase?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
- Summarize in one sentence the author’s views expressed in paragraph 3.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
- Which family is the author referring to in line 8, all belong to the same family? Make a list of the family members, and then classify them in their respective groups.
Example
| Family members |
| Birds |
? |
? |
? |
| eagle |
? |
? |
? |
- Work with a partner and draw the different aspects of nature described between lines 4 and 12? (Being an artist isn’t a prerequisite!)
- How are the ideas different in paragraphs IV, V, VI, and VII? Briefly list the author’s views expressed in each of these paragraphs.
| Themes |
| Paragraph IV |
Paragraph V |
Paragraph VI |
Paragraph VII |
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- Why is the selling of land unthinkable for the savage? Substantiate your answer with any two quotes from the text.
- ____________________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________________
- Find the words in the text that have approximately the same meaning as the words or phrases listed below:
| Words/phrases |
Meaning in text |
Line numbers |
| a. worthy of reverence or respect |
|
lines 1 to 10 |
| b. highly esteemed or valuable |
|
lines 23 to 29 |
| c. happens to |
|
lines 30 to 34 |
| d. fate |
|
lines 35 to 39 |
| e. dislike, disdain, disrespect |
|
lines 40 to 45 |
| f. pollute |
|
lines 40 to 45 |
| g. die, smother |
|
lines 40 to 45 |
- Contaminate your bed and you will one night suffocate in your own waste. Discuss in groups how this concept is relevant globally, and in your country specifically. List 5 examples of how your locality, city, and/or your country have been ‘contaminated’.
- ________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________
- ________________________________________________________
Relationship Between Activities and Reading Sub-skills
| Reading Skill |
Questions on Worksheet |
| Prediction |
From the picture and music.
What do you think the text is going to be about? |
| Locating specific information |
(Scanning)
Question # 1 |
| Understanding the main idea |
(Skimming)
What is the text about?
Question # 2 |
| Finding details given in the reading |
Question # 3
(Scanning) |
| Using information given to make deductions |
(Transfer) Question # 4
(Inferences) Questions # 5 & 6 |
| Vocabulary |
Question # 7,
Guessing for meaning |
| Relating the information to your experiences and context |
Question # 8
Discussion on current socio-political conditions globally and the country specifically |
How do I read?
The information and tasks below have been designed to introduce you to the concept of taking a deeper approach to your learning and in particular to the material you are reading. Read the following information and circle Yes or No.
| 1. I tend to read very little beyond what is actually required to pass |
yes/ no |
| 2. I concentrate on memorising a good deal of what I read |
yes/ no |
| 3. I try to relate ideas I come across in other topics to what I read |
yes/ no |
| 4. When I read an article or book, I try to find out exactly what the author means |
yes/ no |
| 5. Often I find myself questioning what I read |
yes/ no |
| 6. When I read I concentrate on learning just those bits of information I need to pass |
yes/ no |
| 7. When I am reading, I stop from time to time to reflect on what I’m trying to learn from it |
yes/ no |
| 8. When I read, I examine the details carefully to see how they fit in with what's being said |
yes/ no |
| 9. I like books which challenge me and provide explanations which go beyond the lectures |
yes/ no |
| 10. I like books which give definite facts and information which can be learned easily |
yes/ no |
| 11. I read an article straight through from start to finish |
yes/ no |
| 12. I note down all the facts and figures |
yes/ no |
| 13. I note the author’s main arguments |
yes/ no |
| 14. I think about whether the facts supported these arguments |
yes/ no |
| 15. I make summary notes to use later |
yes/ no |
Score
If you have answered ‘yes’ to all or most of questions: 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15 you are adopting a SURFACE APPROACH to your learning. You are organizing your learning in order to be able to remember facts and figures to use in essays and exams.
If you have answered ‘yes’ to all or most of questions: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14 you are adopting what is termed a DEEP APPROACH to your learning. You are thinking critically about the information you read and trying to make sense of it in the wider context of your studies – and may be even your life – actually the DEEP approach is not restrictive to studies, it encompasses one’s whole life.
Choose from the characteristics listed below you think fall in the two categories: the surface approach (memorization) and deep approach (understanding)? Write the number of the characteristics and mark (S) or (D) in the two columns.
| Characteristics of two Approaches to Reading |
Surface |
Deep |
- Intention to complete task requirements
- Relate evidence to conclusions
- Treats task as an external imposition
- Un-reflectiveness about purpose or strategies
- Vigorous interaction with content
- Relate new ideas to previous knowledge
- Intention to understand
- Relate concepts to everyday experience
- Failure to distinguish principles from examples
- Examine the logic of the argument
- Memorise information needed for assessments
- Focus on discrete elements without integration
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Characteristics of a Surface Approach to Reading
- Intention to complete task requirements
- Memorise information needed for assessments
- Failure to distinguish principles from examples
- Treats task as an external imposition
- Focus on discrete elements without integration
- Unreflectiveness about purpose or strategies
Characteristics of a Deep Approach to Reading
- Intention to understand
- Vigorous interaction with content
- Relate new ideas to previous knowledge
- Relate concepts to everyday experience
- Relate evidence to conclusions Examine the logic of the argument
Material for How do I read? adapted from:
www.studyskills.soton.ac.uk/studyguides/Reading%20Academically.Doc
Please check the Secondary Teaching course at Pilgrims website.
Please check the Skills of Teacher Training course at Pilgrims website.
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